Cancer Glossary

Abiraterone acetate is a prescription drug, hormone therapy, that inhibits CYP17 enzyme, and is given together with prednisone for the treatment of men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer who have already received prior chemotherapy containing docetaxel.  

A medical in which tissue is removed by chemical  substances (chemoablation), extreme cold (cryoablation),  laser (photoablation) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

unusual, not normal

Abraxane, Nab-Paclitaxel, is Taxol® drug (chemotherapy) link to a protein called Albumin. As a monotherapy is indicated for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in adult patients who have failed first-line treatment for metastatic disease and for whom standard, anthracycline containing(...)

Acral melanoma is Melanoma that appears in the hands, feet, or under the nails  

Activin receptor like kinase 1, ALK1. A protein found on blood vessel cells. Crizotinib® (generic name: Crizotinib) is a ALK1 inhibitor that inhibits the formation of new blood vessels around the tumor.

Develops quickly.

Malignant tumor in the form of a gland created from epithelial cell tissue that release mucus, digestive juices, saliva, etc. Adenocarcinoma is common in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer.

A benign (non cancerous) epithelial growth with a structure of a gland.

Treatment given to a patient to increase the therapeutic effect of a different treatment, such as surgery or radiotherapy. Typically, adjuvant is a chemotherapy treatmnet that is given after the first treatment in order to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence.  

Post-surgery treatment, also known as ‘Adjuvant’ - This treatment seeks to cure and prevent the appearance of metastases or recurrence of the tumor.

The disease worsens. For example, when the tumor grows in size and / or new metastasis has been created that did not appear before.

Adverse Event, also called “Side Efeect” is an undesirable phenomenon that is caused to a patient as a result of treatment.

Afinitor® , Everolimus ia an anti cancer drug which reduces the blood supply to cancer cells and can thus reduce the growth and spread of cancer cells. Afinitor can also reduce the size of kidney tumors called renal angiomyolipomas and brain tumor cells of the SEGA type, the latter two tumors(...)

Alimta®, pemetrexed, is a anti cancer drug folate analog metabolic inhibitor indicated: in combination with pembrolizumab and platinum chemotherapy, for the initial treatment of patients with metastatic non-squamous NSCLC, with no EGFR or ALK genomic tumor aberrations. in combination(...)

Lack of hair from places in the body where there is usually hair. Hair loss can be caused by anti-cancer treatments.

Pain killers

  A condition in which cells lose their morphological characteristics of mature cells.  

Anaplastic astrocytoma is a type of stage 3 cancer tumor which originates in the brain and made of brain cells known as “gliomas.”

Hormones responsible for male sex characteristics eg testosterone. Androgen receptors (receptors) play an important role in the development of prostate cancer.

Decreased red blood cells (erythrocytes) or hemoglobin (a protein in the red blood cells responsible for oxygen binding). The cancerous mour and / or anti-cancer treatment can cause anemia.

A procedure designed to suppress the nervous system in order to allow treatment without causing pain while maintaining proper body function. A general practitioner may perform local anesthesia, while the general anesthesia is performed by an expert anesthesiologist.

Blood vessels grow. In cancer, a blood vessel system forms around the tumor and supplies it an energy and oxygen

Opposed to, against.

The aim of the treatment is to reduce the levels of male hormones, called androgens, in the body, or to prevent them from affecting cancer cells such as prostate cancer that stimulate prostate cancer cells to grow

Treatments that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels. Tumors survive and thrive in the body by causing the body to create around thhttps://trial-in.com/wp-admin/edit.php?post_type=glossaryem a vascular system that nourishes them and supplies them with oxygen.

Proteins that bind specifically to antigens (molecules identified by the immune system). For example, an antibody called Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) identifies the HER2 antigen, which is often found at a high level on the outer side of the surface of cancer cells.

Substances that inhibit the process of blood clotting

Any substance that causes the body to produce an immune response against this substance. Antigens include toxins, chemicals, bacteria, viruses or other substances that come from outside the body. There are antigens on the tissues of the body and cells, including cancer cells, which when(...)

Oxidation is a chemical reaction that produces free radicals that may damage cells in the human body. Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the formation of free radicals that can transform normal cells into cancer cells.

Arimidex®, Anastrozole is a drug to treat breast cancer in post-menopausal women by aromatase enzyme inhibition To Read More>>

An enzyme that participates in the synthesis of estrogen. Aromatase is found in many tissues such as brain, placenta, fat tissue, and more.

Inhibit estrogen production in the body by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme responsible for producing estrogen. Aramex (generic name: Anastrozole, commercial name: Arimidex®), Aromasin (generic name: Exemestane), and Femara® (generic name: Letrozole, trade name: Femera®) are aromatase(...)

Astrocytoma is a type of stage 1 or 2  cancer tumor which originates in the brain and made of brain cells known as “gliomas.”

A report  written by a pathologist with findings from a biopsy diagnosis under a microscope.

 

An area under the shoulder through which blood vessels and nerves enter and go out to the arm. A lump in the armpit can indicate an enlarged lymph node.

Excision of the axillary glands. In breast cancer, tumor cells can spread into the the lymph nodes of the armpit, therefore, axillary dissection has until recently been considered an integral part of breast cancer surgery. Today, sentinel node biopsy can estimate whether axillary dissection(...)

Sourced in the skin’s basal cells found in the layer beneath squamous cells, this type of cancer is considered not aggressive since generally it does not metastasize.

BCOR is a gene that encodes BCL-6 corepressor protein.

Not cancerous. The cells in a benign tumor do not damage the tissue in which they are present and do not metastasize.

Bicalutamide is anti cancer drug for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer in combination with LHRH analog therapy or surgical castration.

Cancer that appears in two pairs of organs simultaneously such as breasts, ovaries, eyes, lungs, etc.

Bilirubin is a substance that can cause jaundice. Liver dysfunction, gallbladder, bile ducts disorders can cause an increase in blood bilirubin levels. Blood tests examine the Total or Direct bilirubin values ​​in order to detect suspected Hepatobiliary cancers, liver hepatitis, bile stones,(...)

Class of medications that include immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, cancer growth inhibitors and vaccines. Herceptin® , Avastin®, Lynparza® and Keytruda® are biological drugs.

A molecule in the blood, other body fluids, or tissue that is a marker for a normal or abnormal process, such as a disease. Biomarker may be used to see how much the body responds to a certain treatment. For example, HER2 , when overexpressed, is a biomarker for cancer cells.

Removal of tissue from the body for pathological diagnosis in the laboratory.

A biological drug  that acts as an original biological drug. The term “biosimilar”replaces the term "generic" used in traditional drugs.

Membrane which envelopes the brain and prevents penetration or entry of various chemicals into the brain, and that also includes drugs. Its purpose is not to allow harmful substances to reach the brain. Chemotherapy for brain tumors goes through this barrier.

Rapid administration of a drug into the body.

A tissue usually found in the bones where blood cells are generated

Bone marrow is a spongy tissue within the bones where red blood cells, platelets, cartilage, fat cells and bone cells are produced. Bone marrow biopsy is performed under local anesthesia, using a needle that is usually inserted into the femur. The biopsy is sent to the laboratory to check for(...)

This treatment approach can be very efficacious in blood cancer patients, such as Leukemia and Lymphoma. White or red blood cells which were destroyed by chemotherapy or radiation, are removed from the patient’s body, strengthened in the lab and infused back to the patient’s body.

An imaging test in which a radioactive marker (Tracer) is injected into the vein to diagnose various types of bone disease or bone tumor presence. The marking material is absorbed especially in areas where there is a great deal of bone dissociation or bone building. The radiation emitted from(...)

A type of radiotherapy in which radiation source is placed in or near the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancer of the cervix cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, tongue cancer and skin cancer, and can also be used to treat tumors in other parts of the body.

Protein in a cell that participates in cell division processes and is also an oncogen. BRAF mutations appear in different cancers. The drugs and Moraphenib (generic name: Vemurafenib, trade name: Zelboraf®) and Debrafenib (generic name: Tafinlar®) are given to patients with mutations in BRAF.

A protein responsible for DNA repair. When BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are damaged (e.g. mutation) the chances of getting breast cancer increases. BRCA1, BRCA2 = BReast CAncer gene

A protein responsible for DNA repair. When BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are damaged (e.g. mutation) the chances of getting breast cancer increases. BRCA1, BRCA2 = BReast CAncer gene

A protein responsible for DNA repair. When BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes are damaged (e.g. mutation) the chances of getting breast cancer increases. BRCA1, BRCA2 = BReast CAncer gene

A condition in which intestine cells divide uncontrollably. Often this cancer starts with a growth of a polyp in the intestine. Locating and removing polyps may prevent the appearance of colon cancer and this is the reason for the importance of early detection. Also known as “Bowel cancer”(...)

A condition in which breast cells in the body divide uncontrollably. The disease is classified according to the breast cells from which it develops.

Breast cancer incidence is strongly related to age, with the highest incidence rates being in older people. In the UK in 2013-2015, on average each year a quarter (25%) of new cases were in people aged 75 and over. Age-specific incidence rates rise steadily from around age 30-34 and more(...)

Breast cancer in men occurs in about 1% of the total breast cancer cases. It is mostly appears after the age of 50 and for genetic tendency among men with BRCA1, BRCA2 gene mutations. It can also appear in men who have breast tissue, who were exposed to estrogen, have hormonal imbalance and(...)

When my oncologist will consider breast cancer surgery for me? If you diagnosed with non-metastatic breast cancer surgery is a first and preferred option according to all standard protocols. The surgery’s goal is to remove the tumor in its entirety without harming the breast or its(...)

Changes in the breast, nipple or armpits in women and men may be a warning sign for the development of breast cancer but not necessarily. Early detection has a decisive influence on how the disease is treated and on treatment outcomes. Therefore, it is recommended that you consult a(...)

Surgical removal only of breast tumor and its margins. This is in contrast to complete mastectomy (a mastectomy)

This marker is a protein called MUC1, which is normally present in mucous membranes and protects the body from foreign factors. A high blood level of the CA-125 marker may indicate ovarian cancer, breast cancer, or other cancers.

This marker is a protein called MUC1, which is normally present in mucous membranes and protects the body from foreign factors. A high blood level of the CA 125 marker may indicate ovarian cancer, breast cancer, or other cancers.

Camptosar®, Campto®, Irinotecan, is is the commercial name of Oxaliplatin, a chemotherapy drug.

A condition in which cells in the body divide uncontrollably.

A condition in which the metastases can be identified but the primary tumor from which they have spread cannot be identified.

The leaves and flowers in their dry form of the cannabis sativa and cannabis indica plants. Cannabis contains chemicals called cannabinoids, the most famous of which are THC, CBD and CBN. Marijuana is given to cancer patients mainly to stimulate appetite, increase weight, reduce nausea,(...)

The leaves and flowers in their dry form of the cannabis sativa and cannabis indica plants. Cannabis contains chemicals called cannabinoids, the most famous of which are THC, CBD and CBN. Marijuana is given to cancer patients mainly to stimulate appetite, increase weight, reduce nausea,(...)

Xeloda®, Capecitabine is a chemotherapy, one of a group of medications known as "cytostatic medications" that stop the development of cancerous cells. For adjuvant Colon Cancer: Capecitabine is indicated for the adjuvant treatment of patients following surgery of stage III (Dukes stage C)(...)

CAR-T therapy is an innovative treatment strategy based on genetic engineering of the patient’s own immune cells, T cells. CAR-T therapy is being investigated in a number of cancer types and brings great hope to many patients as more and more publications on its efficacy in cancer are released.

Carboplatin is anti cancer chemotherapy drug, used alone or in combination with other antineoplastic agents in the treatment of: advanced ovarian cancer advanced breast cancer metastatic small cell lung cancer

Carcinoembryonic antigen ( (CEA) is glycoprotein (a protein with sugar groups attached to it) that is usually found in very low levels in blood of healthy adults. CEA blood levels can be increased in Venous thrombosis is common in cancer patients. pain killer. choice in monitoring the(...)

A substance that raises the risk of cancer.

A cancerous tumor originating from epithelial cells. Cells in carcinoma have an ability to penetrate the healthy tissue and produce metastases.

A cancerous tumor originating from epithelial cells. The tumor is still local and has not metastasized.

Related to the heart.

Damage to the heart or function that can be caused, for example, by exposure to toxic substances such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiation

A case study is an advertisement in the medical press, which deals with a single case of the same researchers in depth. The scientific literature is full of case studies, as opposed to clinical cases, for example, which investigate large groups from which statistical data can also be obtained.

Casodex is the brand name of Bicalutamide - for prostate cancer

 

A clear, colorless liquid that envelops the brain and spinal cord

Cervical cancer is the sixth cancer prevalent among women. One of the main causes for the disease is the Human Papilloma Virus, HPV, which causes warts on the female genitalia. The Gardasil® vaccine is used against the Papilloma virus with the goal to prevent infection with women, and the(...)

Treatment combining chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

When my oncologist will consider Chemotherapy treatment for me? If you diagnosed with cancer Chemotherapy treatment might be considered. Chemotherapy is a medicated therapy which aims to shrink and erase cancerous cells and allow control over the disease. and what are the side(...)

Cisplatin is chemotherapy, anti cancer drug for infusion indicated as palliative therapy, to be employed either as a single agent or in established combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic agents in the following indications: Metastatic Testicular Tumors In established combination(...)

Studies, also called “Clinical Trials” on human beings are necessary in order to collect information mainly on the safety and efficacy of an innovative treatment. Usually a clinical trial consists of three phases. The first, second, and third phases are usually different from each other in the(...)

Study, also called “Clinical Trial” on human beings are necessary in order to collect information mainly on the safety and efficacy of an innovative treatment. Usually a clinical trial consists of three phases. The first, second, and third phases are usually different from each other in the(...)

CNS HGNET-BCOR, Central Nervous System Gigh Grade Neuroepithelial Tumor with BCOR alteration, is a rare cancerous tumor develop in the central nervous system, CNS, among young children.

A test used for early detection of colon cancer. During the test, a colonoscope (thin tube with a camera) is inserted through the anus, rectum and colon.

A condition in which intestine or rectum cells divide uncontrollably. Often this cancer starts with a growth of a polyp in the intestine or in the rectum. Locating and removing polyps may prevent the appearance of colon cancer and this is the reason for the importance of early(...)

An operation usually performed after rectal removal (rectum) or the lower part of the colon. During the operation, a portion of the colon is brought to the abdominal wall and creates an artificial opening (stoma) that allows the stool to be emptied into a skin-tight bag temporarily or permanently.

An operation usually performed after rectal removal (rectum) or the lower part of the colon. During the operation, a portion of the colon is brought to the abdominal wall and creates an artificial opening (stoma) that allows the stool to be emptied into a skin-tight bag temporarily or permanently.

A treatment containing several drugs that work in different mechanisms.

 

A way to provide medical care to a patient who is not eligible for treatment by participating in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. This extended approach allows the patient to receive promising anti-cancer(...)

A way to provide medical care to a patient who is not eligible for treatment by participating in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. This extended approach allows the patient to receive promising anti-cancer(...)

A way to provide medical care to a patient who is not eligible for treatment by participating in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. This extended approach allows the patient to receive promising anti-cancer(...)

Traditional holistic medicine originating from ancient cultures. This medicine focuses on strengthening the connection between body and mind. The conventional health system has integrated complementary therapies such as homeopathy, energetic healing, acupuncture, herbal medicine and more.

Complete reduction or disappearance of cancer symptoms. In partial remission some of the symptoms disappear as opposed to a complete remission in which all symptoms disappear, although the cancerous tumor may still be present in the body.

 

In a clinical trial, it is the group that does not accept the new treatment being studied, but the standard treatment at the time. This group is compared to the group receiving the new treatment to see if the new treatment is more effective than the standard treatment. The control group can(...)

Clinical trial including a comparison group (control group). The control group may receive placebo, other treatment, or no treatment at all.

Molecules belonging to the class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit COX2 enzyme, which is involved in inflammation and pain processes. It was found that this enzyme is also involved in the growth of cancer cells. The FDA has approved a drug called "Celebrex" for FAP,(...)

Creatinine levels are measured to monitor renal function. Excreted in the urine.

n imaging procedure in which a computer is connected to an X-ray machine and creates a series of detailed pictures of different areas of the body. Each tissue in the body absorbs radiation and returns radiation differently. The pictures are taken from different angles and are then processed to(...)

CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, is a protein found on cytotoxic T cells of the immune system, designed to control cells and prevent them from harming normal cells, thus preventing autoimmune and allergic diseases. In cancer patients, CTLA-4 expression causes cytotoxic T cells not to(...)

What Cyramza® is? Cyramza contains the active substance ramucirumab, which is a monoclonal antibody. This is a specialised protein that can recognise and attach to another protein found on blood vessels called ‘VEGF receptor 2’. This receptor is needed in the development of new blood vessels.(...)

Examination of the bladder and urethra using a cytoscope inserted into the urethra. A cystoscope is a thin tube-like device with light and a viewable lens. A biopsy can be used with the help of the cytoscope. The test has many uses, including checking the presence of cancerous tumors and monitoring.

 

Proteins which are secreted in the body and immune system cells. Some cytokines stimulate the immune system and others slow it down. Cytokines have many uses, and they can help the body fight cancer, infections and other diseases. Examples of cytokines are: interleukins and interferons. Today(...)

Cell research using a biopsy microscope or body fluids such as urine

Medications known as “cytostatic medications” stop the development of cancerous cells.

Toxic. Chemotherapy can be cytotoxic, which is toxic to the body. In general, any substance may have a cytotoxic (toxic) effect, depending on dosage.

CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4, is a protein found on cytotoxic T cells of the immune system, designed to control cells and prevent them from harming normal cells, thus preventing autoimmune and allergic diseases. In cancer patients, CTLA-4 expression causes cytotoxic T cells not to(...)

CTLA-4 is a protein found on cytotoxic T cells of the immune system, designed to control cells and prevent them from harming normal cells, thus preventing autoimmune and allergic diseases. In cancer patients, CTLA-4 expression causes cytotoxic T cells not to act against cancer cells. For(...)

Tumour removal by surgery in order to increase the efficacy of another treatment such as chemotherapy and radiation.

Decapeptyl, Triptorelin,  is indicated for precocius puberty, prostatic cancer, endomethriosis, uterus myomatoses and IVF

DIPG, diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma, is a type of cancer which originates in the brain and made of brain cells known as “gliomas.” DIPG is a pediatric disease. The average age of diagnosis is 4 to 11, and the disease accounts for about 10-15% of all brain tumors among children. Some adults(...)

The DNA is made up of two chains that form a double helix. The DNA contains genetic information. During cell division, the DNA replicated and each new daughter cell receives one copy of each DNA strand.

Docetaxel is a chemotherapy indicated for: Breast Cancer Docetaxel in combination with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide is indicated for the adjuvant treatment of patients with operable node-positive breast cancer. Docetaxel in combination with doxorubicin is indicated for the(...)

Docetaxel Ebewe® is the brand name of the chemotherapy medication - Docetaxel

Docetaxel Hospira® is the brand name of the chemotherapy medication - Docetaxel

Doxorubicin is chemotherapy anti cancer medication and been used successfully to produce regression in disseminated neoplastic conditions such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, Wilms’ tumor, neuroblastoma, soft tissue and bone sarcomas, breast carcinoma, ovarian(...)

The most common type of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma tumor starts in the cells that line the milk ducts (a duct tha transfers milk from the lobules to the nipple). Dectal carcinoma can be localized (without metastases) and then called inactivated carcinoma (DCIS). When the cancer cells have(...)

 

The most common type of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma tumor starts in the cells that line the milk ducts (a duct that transfers milk from the lobules to the nipple). Dectal carcinoma can be localized (without metastases) and then called inactivated carcinoma (DCIS).

When cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancerous.

Swelling due to excess fluids in the tissue.

Eloxatin® is the commercial name of Oxaliplatin, a chemotherapy drug.

Vomiting

See Hormonal Therapy value.

Hormonal Therapy

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio pancreatography, ERCP A procedure that allows the physitian to examine the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla and gallbladder by inserting an endoscope through the mouth into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A(...)

A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. An endoscope is a thin tube-like device with light and a viewable lens. An endoscope is also used to remove a biopsy for further examination under a microscope for signs of disease.

Through the digestive system. The delivery of an anteral drug is given through the digestive system. Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal.

A branch of medicine which deals with the distribution and control of diseases.

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR, is a receptor found on many cells that is the receptor of the EGF growth hormone. When EGFR binds to the EGFR receptor, there will be an increase in the EGFR level on the cancerous cell. to be involved in the growth and spread of cancerous(...)

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR, is a receptor found on many cells that is the receptor of the EGF growth hormone. When EGFR binds to the EGFR receptor, there will be an increase in the EGFR level on the cancerous cell. to be involved in the growth and spread of cancerous(...)

Its origin is the epithelial cells coating the ovary. It is the most common ovarian cancer, about 90% of cases. Fallopian Tube Cancer and Primary Peritoneal Cancer are also types of epithelial ovarian cancer. Five major types of epithelial ovarian cancer High-Grade Serous(...)

Most common ovarian cancer, about 90% of all ovarian cancers. This cancer originates in the layer of epithelium in the ovary walls.

Tissues in the human body are integrated from different types of cells. Epithelial cells, that that cover the surfaces of the body that come into contact with the exterior world. These cells are found, for example, in the skin, mouth and nose.

A protein involved in cellular processes such as angiogenesis , differentiation, growth, and more. HER2 can be found in high levels in breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreas and stomach cancers and cause cancer cells grow faster and spread. At the present, a number of biological drugs exist that(...)

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio pancreatography, ERCP A procedure that allows the physitian to examine the pancreatic duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct, duodenal papilla and gallbladder by inserting an endoscope through the mouth into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A(...)

Erivedge®, vismodegib, is a hedgehog pathway inhibitor indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic basal cell carcinoma, or with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma that has recurred following surgery or who are not candidates for surgery and who are not candidates for(...)

Erleada®, Apalutamide, is an androgen receptor inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, NM-CRPC.

Physical examination of the vagina, cervix, uterus, tubular tubes, ovaries and anus. Vagina examination is performed by inserting a speculum device to expand the vagina and cervix. The collected samples can be used for a Pap test, or for testing sexually transmitted diseases or other(...)

Blood test that measures how far red blood cells travel in one hour in a blood sample as they settle into the bottom of the tube. The rate of ESR increases with inflammation, infection, and also in cancer. Also called sedimentation rate. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR

Hormone produced and secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. For example, Epoetin alfa (Generic name: Epoetin alpha, trade name: BINOCRIT®) and Epoetin beta (Generic name: Epoetin beta, trade name: RECORMON®) are the synthetic version (produced in(...)

European Society for Medical Oncology is the leading professional organisation for medical oncology with 20,000 members representing oncology professionals from over 150 countries worldwide.

PartiPartial removal of the esophagus depends on the disease stagesVal

A muscular tube belonging to the digestive system that connects the pharynx (the lower part of the throat) to the stomach.

Blood test that measures how far red blood cells travel in one hour in a blood sample as they settle into the bottom of the tube. The rate of ESR increases with inflammation, infection, and also in cancer. Also called “Sedimentation Rate”

Hormones produced in the woman body that help develop and maintain the characteristics of female sex and the growth of long bones. Esteriol, for example, is a type of estrogen. Estrogens bind to the estrogen receptor (Estrogen Receptor, ER). Estrogen in some cases can be involved in(...)

When cells in the patient express a low level of estrogen, suggesting that the cause of tumour growth is not dependent on the hormone estrogen.

Estrogen receptor positive cells express high levels of estrogen receptors. In such a situation, the treatment may consist, among other things, of aromatase inhibitors that inhibit estrogen production.

A laboratory test to see if cancer cells have estrogen receptors (proteins in the cell to which estrogen binds). If the cells have estrogen receptors, they may need estrogen to grow, which may affect how cancer is treated.

Treatment with estrogen hormone to increase the amount of estrogen in the body. This treatment is given to women who have passed menopause or to women who have menopausal symptoms preceded by anti-cancer treatments or surgery to remove the ovaries. Estrogen replacement therapy may relieve(...)

tment with estrogen hormone to increase the amount of estrogen in the body. This treatment is given to women who have passed menopause or to women who have menopausal symptoms preceded by anti-cancer treatments or surgery to remove the ovaries. Estrogen replacement therapy may relieve symptoms(...)

Etopophos®, etoposide  a topoisomerase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with: Refractory Testicular Tumors - Etopophos is indicated, in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, for treatment of patients with refractory testicular tumors. Small Cell Lung Cancer -(...)

Eulexin®, Flutamide is indicated for use in combination with LHRH agonistic analogues for the treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma (stage d2). To achieve the benefit of the adjuctive therapy with eulexin, treatment must be started simultaneously using both drugs.

Exemasin is anti cancer drug indicated for the treatment of advanced breast cancer (ABC) in women with natural or induced postmenopausal status whose disease has progressed following anti estrogen therapy alone. Exemasin is also indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal women with ABC(...)

External radiation therapy (EBT) in which high-energy X-rays is provided to the patient's tumor. This is in contrast to brachytherapy (see value) where the source of radiation is introduced into the tumor area, for example with a catheter

A result measured and determined as true but in fact the result is wrong, it is not real.

A hereditary condition in which many polyps (see polyp value) are grown on the inner walls of the colon and rectum. Polyps can become cancerous. This condition increases the risk of developing colon cancer.

Cancer is seen in families more often than was randomly expected (coincidence). This cancer often occurs at a young age, and may indicate the presence of a genetic mutation that increases the risk of cancer. It also constitutes a sign of environmental factors affecting life in a common environment

Faslodex®, Fulvestrant is anti cancer drug for breast cancer. Faslodex indicated for treatment of oestrogen receptor positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women not previously treated with hormonal therapy, or with disease relapse/progression on or after(...)

Exhaustion

A US federal agency that aims to protect public health by ensuring that food, cosmetics and nutritional supplements are safe to use and honestly labeled.The FDA also ensures that medicines, medical devices, and equipment are safe and effective, as well as clinical studies after examining all(...)

A hidden blood test in the stool. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colon cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers or hemorrhoids.

Femara® is the commercial name  for letrozole

A process I which a fine needle is used to drain a fluid from the tumor. Usually performed under anesthesia.

The first treatment series given to the patient after diagnosis. Called "First Line".

Adrucil®, Fluorouracil, 5FU, is is a chemotherapy drug, indicated for palliative management of carcinoma of the colon, rectum cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer and pancreas cancer in selected patients considered incurable by surgery or other means. As leucovorin fluorouracil(...)

Folic acid is part of the vitamin B complex that the body needs for small amounts of healthy functioning. Folic acid helps produce red blood cells and is found in milk, whole grains, liver, green vegetables, orange juice, lentils, beans, and yeast. Folic acid is soluble in water and should be(...)

Folfirinox is a combination of 4 anti Pancreatic Cancer drugs: Leucovorin - Folinic acid Adrucil®, (Fluorouracil, 5-FU) - chemotherapy Camptosar®, Campto®, (Irinotecan) - chemotherapy Eloxatin®, (Oxaliplatin) - chemotherapy

Food and Drug Administration is a US federal agency that aims to protect public health by ensuring that food, cosmetics and nutritional supplements are safe to use and honestly labeled.The FDA also ensures that medicines, medical devices, and equipment are safe and effective, as well as(...)

A US federal agency that aims to protect public health by ensuring that food, cosmetics and nutritional supplements are safe to use and honestly labeled.The FDA also ensures that medicines, medical devices, and equipment are safe and effective, as well as clinical studies after examining all(...)

Free radicals are un unstable molecules that are usually produced in the bodies during the process of cell metabolism. Free radicals can accumulate in cells and damage other molecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. The dammages caused by free radicals increases the risk of cancer and(...)

Frimagon®, Degarelix, is anti cancer drug indicated for the treatment of adult male patients with advanced hormone dependent prostate cancer.

Rapid test for cancer cells detection. The biopsy is removed from the patients’ body by the surgeon who is then giving it  to a pathologist who then freezes the biopsy and slices it into thin slices and examines the slices under the microscope.

The Gardasil® vaccine is used against the Papilloma virus with the goal to prevent infection with women, and the vaccine itself is given to both girls and boys and women up to age 45. One of the main causes for cervical cancer is the Human Papilloma Virus, HPV, which causes warts on the female(...)

Stomach removal. The removal can be complete or partial

Gastric cancer, also called “Stomach cancer”, starts when some of the cells constituting the inner part of the stomach start growing and proliferating without control. This abnormal growth creates a tumor that is cancerous. Usually gastric cancer grows slowly, along a course of many years.  

A type of tumor that usually originates from cells in the wall of the digestive system. The tumor can be benign or malignant.

A branch of medicine that deals with the digestive system and diseases related to the digestive system.

Examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach and duodenum). During the examm, a small camera  located at the tip  of a flexible tube, is inserted through the mouth  called a gastroscope

Gemzar, gemcitabine, is a chemotherapy drug for infusion. Therapeutic indications are: Non Small Cell Lung Cancer: Gemcitabine is indicated for the palliative treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Breast cancer: Gemcitabine, in(...)

Gemzar® is the commercial name of anti cancer drug - gemcitabine

A fragment in the DNA strand that encodes physiological features, for example, eye color. The genes genes are inherited upon cell division when the DNA molecule replicates, and each new cell receives a copy of the replicated DNA.

Official nonbrand names of drugs

Diagnoses and advises on genetic diseases.

The process of analyzing the DNA of cells or tissues to look for genetic changes that may be a sign of a disease such as cancer.

The full system of all the genes in an organism. In humans, all genes are located on structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes are complexes of DNA and proteins bind to each other. Almost every cell in the body contains a complete copy of the genome. The genome contains all the information a(...)

Starts from the reproductive cells of the ovaries and is rare. Four major types of germ-cell ovarian cancer: Dysgermnimoma Endodermal sinus tumor, EST Teratoma Mixed germ cell tumor, GCT Other types in this group are very rare, such as: Embryonal carcinoma (...)

Gliadel® Wafer is carmustine implant that is indicated for patients with newly diagnosed high-grade malignant glioma as an adjunct to surgery and radiation. Gliadel® Wafer is also indicated in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme as an adjunct to surgery. The implant It is placed on(...)

Glioblastoma Multiforme, or GBM, is a type of cancer which originates in the brain and made of brain cells known as “gliomas.”

Glioblastoma Multiforme, or GBM, is a type of cancer which originates in the brain and made of brain cells known as “gliomas.”

A type of a brain cancer that develops from glial cells that support neurons (cells of the nervous system).

GCSF Promotes the formation of white blood cells in the bone marrow. Chemotherapy drugs can cause neutropenia, which can cause infections. The drug Pilgrims (synthetic GCSF manufactured in the laboratory) is given in this condition. Generic Name: Filgrastim Trade Name: Neupogen®, Granix®, Zarxio

A protein produced and secreted by the pituitary gland that is responsible for controlling body growth and glucose and gat metabolism.

Pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the hands or feet. Sometimes it happens as a side effect of certain anti-cancer drugs. Also called foot syndromeת or Palmar Plantar Erythrodysesthesia

A cancer located in the head or neck area but not in the brain, i.e. in the nasal cavity, sinuses, lips, mouth, salivary glands or throat (voice box).

The process in whoch blood cells are formed

A protein found in red blood cells that binds oxygen when they move from the lungs to the rest of the body. When red blood cells move from tissues back to the lungs, hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide.

A substance that slows the formation of blood clots. Heparin is produced for example by the liver and lungs. Synthetic heparin (which is produced not in the body but rather in the laboratory) can be injected into the muscle or blood to prevent or break blood clots. It is a type of anticoagulant.

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. Viruses cause most cases of hepatitis. The type of hepatitisis named for the virus that causes it; for example,hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Drug or alcohol use can also cause hepatitis. Hepatitis A - Acute disease in which patients(...)

Hepatobiliary system includes the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas or bile.

HER2 is a protein that naturally occurs on shells of normal cells of our bodies. In approx. 20% of breast cancer cases, this protein appears in excess. At the present, a number of biological drugs exist that bind to this protein and prevent its proliferation.

Herceptin® (trastuzumab)is anti cancer drug for: Adjuvant Breast Cancer Herceptin is indicated for adjuvant treatment of HER2 overexpressing node positive or node negative (ER/PR negative or with one high risk feature breast cancer as part of a treatment regimen consisting of(...)

Cancer that begins in the immune system cells. There are two basic subtypes of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma, which is indicated by the presence of a cell type called Reed-Sternberg and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large and diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin(...)

A treatment that increases or decreases the level of certain hormones in a body whose level of imbalance can cause cancer (such as prostate cancer and breast cancer). To slow or stop the growth of cancer, you can give synthetic hormones or other drugs to block the body's natural hormones.(...)

A treatment that increases or decreases the level of certain hormones in a body whose level of imbalance can cause cancer (such as prostate cancer and breast cancer). To slow or stop the growth of cancer, you can give synthetic hormones or other drugs to block the body's natural hormones.(...)

Molecules (usually small proteins) that are secreted from glands in the body and regulate various processes in the body. Increased hormone production (eg, growth hormones) can cause cancer.

The cancer tumor contains receptors to Estrogen and Progesterone. It is considered to be the cancer type that has particularly high therapeutic success.

Treatment with hormones to replace the natural hormones when the body does not produce them enough. For example, hormone replacement therapy may be given when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone or when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone.(...)

Treatment with hormones to replace the natural hormones when the body does not produce them enough. For example, hormone replacement therapy may be given when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone or when the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone.(...)

Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, HER2, HER2/neu - A protein involved in cellular processes such as angiogenesis, differentiation, growth, and more. Her2 can be found in high levels in breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreas and stomach cancers and cause cancer cells grow faster and spread(...)

Hycamtin®, topotecan, for Injection is a chemotherapy, anti cancer drug, a topoisomerase inhibitor indicated for: Metastatic ovary cancer after failure of initial or subsequent chemotherapy. Small cell lung cancer sensitive disease after failure of first-line chemotherapy. (...)

Intravenous feeding given to people who are unable to consume food through the digestive system due to vomiting, diarrhea or intestinal diseases. It can also be given to patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

The most common type of kidney cancer. The cancer starts with the renal tubule that filters the blood to produce urine.

Increase in the number of normal cells in the tissue. These cells look normal under the microscope. They are not cancerous but may become one.

An procedure in which chemotherapy is administered directly to the abdominal cavity during surgery. This treatment can be beneficial to patients with primary tumors, for example in the ovaries and intestines that have metastasized to the lining of the stomach.

Hysterectomy is an operation to remove a woman's uterus

Hysterectomy is an operation to remove a woman's uterus

Ibrance®, palbociclib, is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer in combination with • an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy(...)

From unknown source

Using imaging tools to take pictures of organs and tissues for diagnosis. Common imaging devices are MRI, CT and ultrasound.

Immune barriers are the regulators of the immune system. These pathways are essential for tolerance processes and prevent autoimmune diseases, ie, those pathways that prevent the immune system from acting against the body itself. In cancer, these pathways are activated and as a result, the(...)

Also called "immunotherapy" of drugs that help the immune system attack the tumor. This contrasts, for example, with chemotherapy that directly affects tumor cells. Examples of immunotherapy drugs are Keytruda® and Opdivo®

The body's response to foreign substances entering it, for example bacteria. The body identifies antigens molecules molecules (eg proteins, sugars) belonging to the invading organism. The immune system, for example, can identify proteins on the virus's envelope and act against them by(...)

A complex system of cells (such as lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes) and organs (eg, spleen, bone marrow, thymus gland, etc.) aimed at fighting invasive organisms.

Immunotherapy drugs assist the immune system in attacking the tumor. The immune system has “immune barriers” which serve to regulate the immune system and prevent it from attacking the body. In cancer these functions are readily activated and as a result, the immune system ceases to attack(...)

Local. When the tumour remains in the tissue from which it was originated and has not yet metastasized or migrated to other tissues.

Idolant cancer develops slowly.

Induction is the first treatment given to a patient. This is often a standard part of a series of treatments, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

The invasion and growth of a foreign organism into the body. The organism can be a bacterium, fungus, virus or other. When the immune system functions normally, the body recognizes and responds to the foreign entity in order to prevent its spread. . Anti-cancer treatments can weaken the immune(...)

Redness, swelling, pain and / or feeling of heat in a particular area of the body. This is a protection reaction in cases of injury, disease or irritation of the tissues.

A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red, bloated and feels warm. Peau d'orange-like appearance. The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymphatic vessels in the skin.

Fluid delivery into the body through the vein

A protein, type of cytokinein group plays an important role in the immune system

A protein, type of cytokinein group plays an important role in the immune system

Infusion of volume of liquid containing drug or nutrients over a specified period of time at preset intervals. The infusion stops until the next dose.

A type of radiotherapy in which radiation source is placed in or near the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancer of the cervix cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, tongue cancer and skin cancer, and can also be used to treat tumors in other parts of the body.

A type of radiotherapy in which radiation source is placed in or near the area requiring treatment. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cancer of the cervix, prostate, breast, tongue and skin, and can also be used to treat tumors in other parts of the body

A cancer that grows beyond the tissue from which it was originated and penetrates into nearby healthy tissues.

Camptosar®, Campto®, Irinotecan, is a chemotherapy, intravenous infusion, indicated for the treatment of patients with with: Metastatic colorectal cancer: 1. In combination with 5-fluorouracil and folinic acid in patients without prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. 2. As a single(...)

Side effects from treatment that do not disappear.

Jaundice is a disease in which yellow color appears in the eyes and skin. Due to a disease or infection, a substance called Bilirubin remains in the bloodstream and colors the skin and eyes. There are several types of jaundice, for example: Neonatal jaundice - yellowish discoloration of the(...)

Jeventa® is the brand name of the chemotherapy medication - Cabazitaxel Jeventa® is indicated in combination with prednisone for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with a docetaxel- containing treatment regimen.

Kadcyla, is approved to treat human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body (metastatic breast cancer) after prior treatment with trastuzumab (Herceptin®) and a taxane. Prior treatment could have been for the initial treatment of(...)

A method scaled from 0 to 100 to assess the functioning and ability of cancer patients to perform normal tasks. For example, this scale can be used to determine the patient's prognosis or to decide whether to offer treatment or to recommend a clinical trial.

Keytruda®, Pembrolizumab, is an innovative, anti cancer monoclonal antibody  immunotherapy drug. The drug blocks the link between the cancer cell PD-L1 ligand, to a patient's immune system PD-1 receptor , helping the immune system kill the cancer cells. To read more: What(...)

What is Keytruda (Keytruda®)? Keytruda, pembrolizumab, is a prescription medicine, an innovative breakthrough drug, humanized monoclonal antibody. Keytruda belongs to the “immunotherapy” drugs that help the immune system attack the tumor. This contrasts, for example, with chemotherapy that(...)

Ketruda® is a cancer drug which belongs to the group of immunotherpy drugs. This drug is FDA approved for different cancer indications and may also be available through: Clinical trials. There are numerous clinical trials with Ketruda® around the globe where cancer patients may be enrolled(...)

Keytruda® is a medicine that may treat certain cancers by working with the immune system, also called immunotherapy. Keytruda can cause the immune system to attack normal organs and tissues in any area of the body and can affect the way they work. These problems can sometimes become serious(...)

Kisqali, Ribociclib,   is used to treat postmenopausal women with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer, that is HR positive and HER2 negative, in combination with a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, as initial endocrine based-therapy. Therapeutic group: Cyclin-dependent kinase(...)

A thin pipe-like device with light and a lens. The laparoscope can be used as a tissue removal tool for further examination under a microscope.

A laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgery uses an instrument called a laparoscope

When the cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain membrane (thin layers of tissue covering the brain and spinal cord). It can occur in many types of cancer, but it is most common in melanoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer and colon cancer. Cancer can(...)

When cancer cells from the primary tumor spread to the meninges.

Femara®, letrozole, is anti cancer drug, a form of hormone therapy known as an aromatase inhibitor, which works by reducing the amount of estrogen in postmenopausal women. This medicine is a hormonal (or “endocrine”) breast cancer treatment. Growth of breast cancer is frequently stimulated by(...)

A chemotherapy drug, indicated to diminish the toxicity and counteract the action of folic acid antagonists in cytotoxic therapy. As Leucovorin-Fluorouracil chemotherapy combination for cancer treatment.

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood tissue, including bone marrow and the lymphatic system. There are many types of leukemia, some of which are more common in children and some in adults. Leukemia usually results from the white blood cells

White blood cells that produced in the bone marrow and are found in the blood and lymphatic tissues and are part of the immune system. Leukocytes are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). Blood leukocyte count is usually(...)

Low number of blood cells.

A class of drugs that prevent the testes and ovaries from producing sex hormones. These drugs are given as a treatment for prostate cancer, for example, against tumors that developed in response to testosterone hormone.  Among women, the drugs will block the production of estrogen and progesterone.

Libtayo®, cemiplimab-rwlc, is anti cancer drug, a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blocking antibody indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) or locally advanced CSCC who are not candidates for curative surgery or curative(...)

A sarcoma type of cancer from fat tissue.

Surgery to remove a complete lobe from the penis. For example, lobe from the liver, lungs, brain.

Local growth (without metastasis) located in the milk production glands.

A tumor which has not yet spread.

Treatment of a specific organ or treatment limited to a specific area of the body. Local cancer treatment is surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy and laser therapy.

A cancer that has spread to the tissue adjacent to the tissue from which it was originated or to the lymph nodes

A series of X-rays of the colon after barium enema.

Lucrin®, Leuprolide, is a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist indicated for endometriosis, prostatic cancer, treatment of uterine fibroids for a period of up to six months. Treatment of breast cancer in pre- and peri - menopausal women in whom hormone therapy is specified.  

A procedure in which a thin needle called a needle is inserted into the lower part of the spine to collect spinal fluid or give medication

Partial breast removal according to tumor size. Removal can be up to 50% of breast size

Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system which is made up of glands and tubes. Fluid from tissues in the body reaches the lymph nodes that filter and clean it. The lymph nodes also contain lymphocytes (mostly B cells and T cells) that reach the body's various tissues when needed, for(...)

Lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system which is made up of glands and tubes. Fluid from tissues in the body reaches the lymph nodes that filter and clean it. The lymph nodes also contain lymphocytes (mostly B cells and T cells) that reach the body's various tissues when needed, for(...)

A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed to prevent the spread of the tumor. Surgery can be regional or radical. In regional dissection, some glands are removed, usually those who are close to the tumor. In a radical dissection, all or most or all the lymph nodes in the tumor(...)

Since tumor cells can spread through the lymphatic system, it is necessary to check whether the sentinel lymph node (the first lymph node in the lymphatic system to which the tumor drains) is infected with cancer cells. The sentinel lymph node is identified by injecting a radioactive substance(...)

A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed to prevent the spread of the tumor. Surgery can be regional or radical. In regional dissection, some glands are removed, usually those who are close to the tumor. In a radical dissection, all or most or all the lymph nodes in the tumor(...)

A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed to prevent the spread of the tumor. Surgery can be regional or radical. In regional dissection, some glands are removed, usually those who are close to the tumor. In a radical dissection, all or most or all the lymph nodes in the tumor(...)

A system of tubes and glands that stores and carries white blood cells that fight infection. This system includes the bone marrow, the spleen, the thymus, the lymph nodes, and the lymphatic tubes similar to the blood vessels, which also reach all the tissues in the body.

Damage to the lymphatic system, such as lymph node removal, can cause the accumulation of lymph fluid in the organs. Edema in the legs and arms are common but can also be found in other parts of the body.

Damage to the lymphatic system, such as lymph node removal, can cause the accumulation of lymph fluid in the organs. Edema in the legs and arms are common but can also be found in other parts of the body

A white blood cell (leukocyte) produced in the bone marrow and found in blood and lymph tissue. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes help in killing tumor cells. T lymphocytes can activate B lymphocytes to start producing(...)

Cancer that begins in the immune system cells. There are two basic subtypes of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma, which is indicated by the presence of a cell type called Reed-Sternberg and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large and diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin(...)

Lynparza, olaparib, is anti cancer drug called a PARP inhibitor. PARP inhibitors can trigger the death of cancer cells by blocking an enzyme that helps repair DNA. Lynparza is intended for: for the treatment of ovarian cancer in patients carrying the BRCA mutation whom have responded(...)

Imaging method based on radio waves and a magnet. The images produced by this method can show the difference between normal and diseased tissues.

Imaging method based on radio waves and a magnet. The images produced by this method can show the difference between normal and diseased tissues.

Treatment that prevents cancer may recur and may be given for a long time.

Cancerous (not begnin)

What is a mammogram? Mammography is the use of low energy X-rays to detect suspicious breast tissue to prevent or diagnose breast cancer. Why is it important to get a mammogram? Early detection - women over 40 YO as a Pre-Disease Survey Test (see Screening ) Woman with breast(...)

The border of the tumor tissue that is surgically removed. The margins are considered negative when cancer cells are not identified. The margins are considered positive when cancer cells are detected, which means that not all of the tumor has been removed and there is residual tumor.

Complete removal of the breast

In the statistics the median is the value out of the group, with an equal number of values ​​preceded and followed. Median survival is the amount of time from the date of diagnosis or from the onset of treatment, such as cancer, that half of the patients in a group of patients diagnosed with(...)

In the statistics the median is the value out of the group, with an equal number of values preceded and followed. Median survival is the amount of time from the date of diagnosis or from the onset of treatment, such as cancer, that half of the patients in a group of patients diagnosed with the(...)

A surgical procedure in which organs and tissues are examined in the mediastinum. Mediastenum is the area between the two lungs that contains the heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes. This procedure is usually done to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the(...)

Mekinist®, trametinib, is a kinase inhibitor indicated as a single agent for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test. MEKINIST is indicated, in combination with dabrafenib, for: The(...)

A type of cancer that begins with melanocytes (cells that produce the pigment melanin). Cancer can begin in the skin but also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye or intestines. It tends to spread to adjacent tissues, and can metastasize in the brain, lungs, bones, liver, and stomach.

Menopause is a normal condition that all women experience as they age. It is divided into three stages: (i) Perimenopause - occurs several years before the Menopause and begins when the ovaries gradually produce less estrogen. In the last two years of this process, when estrogen levels are(...)

Cancer in the thin membrane surrounding the chest and the abdominal cavity.

Metastasis removal surgery

A cancerous growth in organs far from the primary tumor. Metastatic cells have the same characteristics as the original cancer cells, even if they are found in another organ. For example, tumor cells found in the lung can originate from a primary tumor located in the colon rather than a lung cancer

A condition in which the primary tumor spreads to various organs in the body.

What is metastatic melanoma? Metastatic melanoma, Stage 4 or stage IV melanoma is a cancer that started in a spot, sore or mole and its cells have spread to other body organs, distant from the origin, where they created new lesions. These lesions are called “metastases” and are made of(...)

Mutations that accumulate in the DNA, in areas called "satellites" (repeating DNA sequences), as a result of errors occurring during DNA repair processes in a cell. Genetic instability can turn a normal cell into a cancerous cell.

A small number of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body and are too small to be seen in a screening or diagnostic test.

A small number of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body and are too small to be detected in a screening or diagnostic test.

When the tumor does not show the accumulation of mutations in the DNA "lien" regions (DNA regions with repetitive sequences).

Refers to a disease or symptom of the disease, or the amount of disease within a population. Morbidity also refers to medical problems caused by treatment

Pain reliever for moderate to severe pain.

A method of imaging based on radio waves and a magnet. The images produced by this method can show the difference between normal tissues and affected tissues

A marker which is a protein called MUC1, which is normally present in mucous membranes and protects the body from foreign factors. A high blood level of the CA125 marker may indicate ovarian cancer, breast cancer, or other cancers

Multikinase inhibitor are group of drugs which has demonstrated both anti proliferative and antiangiogenic properties. For example: Sorafenib  

A change to the DNA sequence in the cell. Mutations can be caused by errors during cell division, or they can be caused by exposure to substances harmful to DNA (free radicals, asbestos, etc.). Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. When they appear in egg or sperm cells,(...)

muscle pain

Cancer originating from plasma cells in the blood. Plasma cells are young cells before they differentiate into B cells that produce antibodies.

Navelbine® is the brand name of the chemotherapy medication - Vinorelbine

The National Cancer Institute is is federal agency in the US Department of Health responsible for research and training of cancer disease

Surgery to remove metastatic lymph nodes from the head and neck area to prevent tumor expansion by an ENT specialist in head and neck surgery.

No Margin

Primary treatment of cancer (chemotherapy, radiation, hormonal, etc.) which can be given prior to a major procedure or treatment, such as surgery.

Treatment prior to surgery is known as ‘Neoadjuvant’ - Usually this stage of treatment will involve chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy intended to reduce the tumor’s size and improve the success of surgery.

The mass of cells which grows abnormally. This mass may be benign (non-cancerous), or malignant (cancer). Also called "tumor"

Neuroblastoma is is a type of cancer which originates in nervous system. It is most commonly starts in adrenal gland, but it can also develop in the neck, chest, stomach, or pelvis. The disease is common among infants and children.

Low level of neutrophil See Neutrophil

A type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infections

A small amount of cells forming circular tissue.

Lymph node not infected with cancer cells

Lymp node infected with cancer cells

Cancer that begins in the immune system cells. There are two basic subtypes of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma, which is indicated by the presence of a cell type called Reed-Sternberg and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large and diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin(...)

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer, NSCLC. A group of lung cancers that are Non Small Cell type. Treatment and prognosis are similar to all cancers in this group. This cancer group constitutes for about 85% of all lung cancers.

Non Small Cell Lung Cancer, NSCLC. A group of lung cancers that are Non Small Cell type. Treatment and prognosis are similar to all cancers in this group. This cancer group constitutes for about 85% of all lung cancers.

A rare and particularly violent type of squamous cell epithelium cancer which usually appears in the midline of the body and most often characterized by a mutation called NUTM1. United States reports 20-30 cases a year.

A measurable response. For example, a response to chemotherapy.

Odomzo®, sonidegib, is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) who are not amenable to curative surgery or radiation therapy The normal growth of cells is controlled by various chemical signals. In patients with basal cell(...)

A gene that, when mutated, enhances the formation of a cancerous tumor or accelerates cancer growth.

A physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

A branch of medicine that specializes with cancer diagnosis and treatment.

TTF (Tumor Treating Fields), Optune®  involve positioning electrodes directly on the patient’s skull. Electrical fields are directed to the brain tumor. In this way, the electric fields do not damage healthy cells but definitely disrupt the process of cancerous cells dividing and multiplying,(...)

Bone metastasis

Sarcoma is a type of a cancer that begeins in the bone. It usually appears in arms or legs.

Treatment without hospitalization.

A condition in which bladder cells in the body divide uncontrollably.

The time from the date of diagnosis or from the onset of the disease, such as cancer, that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive. In a clinical trial, overall survival is measured in order to assess how well a new treatment works.

A condition in which the cell produces more proteins than normal. For example, breast cancer cells or stomach cancer cells produce the HER2 protein in access.

Eloxatin®, Oxaliplatin, is a platinum-based drug used in combination with infusional 5­ fluorouracil /leucovorin, which is indicated for: • adjuvant treatment of stage III (Duke's C) colon cancer in patients who have undergone complete resection of the primary tumor. • treatment of advanced(...)

ראה ערך טיפול תומך.

Palliative care is a medical treatment whose purpose is usually to alleviate the patient's suffering in cases where the disease can not be cured. Awareness of such treatments is increasing.

Tumor in the pancreas head – mostly expressed with jaundice and inflammation of the pancreas parenchyma due to blockages it creates in the biliary and pancreatic ducts

Pancreatic cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the tissues from which the pancreas is made. This type of cancer is aggressive, since most of the patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage, where the disease is considered incurable, for the most part. This type of cancer is hard to(...)

Pancreatic cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the tissues from which the pancreas is made. This type of cancer is aggressive, since most of the patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage, where the disease is considered incurable, for the most part. This type of cancer is hard to(...)

Pancreatic cancer is usually discovered in later stages, as this is an internal organ. Early detection of cancer greatly increases the chances for successful treatment and on therapeutic success. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a specialist regarding the appearance of any of(...)

Cervical cancer is mostly diagnosed by laboratory examination of the cervical surface also called “Pap test” or Pap Smear”. Early detection affects the disease treatment plan and also treatment success.

One of the main causes of Cervical cancer is the Human Papilloma Virus, HPV, which causes warts on the female genitalia. The Gardasil® vaccine is used against the Papilloma virus with the goal to prevent infection with women, and the vaccine itself is given to both girls and boys and women up(...)

Inserting a drug into the body outside the digestive system:  Intravenous IV injections, intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (subcortical) subcutaneous administration.

A decrease in the size of the tumor in response to treatment

Bone fracture caused by disease. Patients with bone metastases are particularly prone to pathological fractures, since these tumors tend to cause bone destruction. Sometimes the bone is broken before the patient is diagnosed with cancer.

A doctor who identifies diseases by examining cells and tissues under a microscope

A protein found on cytotoxic T cells that kill other cells. When PD-1 on T cells binds to a protein called PD-L1 on cancer cells, the cytotoxic T cells do not attack the tumor. It is an escape mechanism of cancer from the immune system. T cells are part of the immune system. For further(...)

This protein is at a high level in various cancers. When PD-L1 on a cancer cell binds to the PD-1 protein, cytotoxic T cells (cytotoxic cells) - the cytotoxic T cells do not kill the tumor. This is the mechanism of "escape" of cancer from the immune system. For further reading, see the value(...)

Surgery to remove the lower colon, anus, and bladder. The goal of the surgery is to create openings through which the urine and excrement will come out of the body. In women, the cervix, vagina, ovaries, adjoining lymph nodes are also removed.

Peritoneal cancer, peritoneum. Peritoneal - the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity.

The membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity

The membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavity

Perjeta®, pertuzumab, is approved for use in combination with Herceptin® (trastuzumab) and docetaxel in people who have HER2 positive breast cancer that has spread to different parts of the body (metastatic) and who have not received anti HER2 therapy or chemotherapy for metastatic breast(...)

A radioactive substance is injected into the subject (e.g., radioactive sugar called FDG) and enters tissues with high sugar intake. Cancerous tumors consume the radioactive material.

A test that involves a CT scan and a PET test to diagnose cancerous tumors, but it also has other uses.

A field that studies the effect of a person's genes on how he or she responds to drugs.

A field that deals with the effect of a drug on the body. The field also focuses on research on how the body copes with the drug, for example, what dosage of the drug in the blood, and how long the body is cleaned of the drug and more.

A substance or treatment of no intended therapeutic value. Common placebos include sugar pills), saline injections, sham surgery, and other.

Platelets are cells in the blood that accumulate in an area where blood vessels are damaged to stop bleeding.

Build-up of excess fluid between the thin layers of the tissue surrounding the lung and chest cavity.

A protein in a cell that participates in processes such as DNA repair and cell death. Today, PARP inhibitors are used as an anti-cancer treatment.

Accumulated cells protrude into the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract.

Surgery to remove polyps.

 

A test that involves a CT scan and a PET test to diagnose cancerous tumors, but it also has other uses. CT scan - see “CT” value. PET testing - A radioactive substance is injected into the subject (e.g., radioactive sugar called FDG) and enters tissues with high sugar intake. Cancerous(...)

Post menopause - the period after menopause and symptoms of Perimenopause began to ease. This is a consideration when making a therapeutic decision in women with cancer.

Post-surgery

During Menopause, Perimenopause - occurs several years before the Menopause and begins when the ovaries gradually produce less estrogen. In the last two years of this process, when estrogen levels are low, symptoms of hot flashes and night sweats begin

In cancer, personalized medicine uses the patient's specific disease characteristics and medical background to form a personalized therapy program

A laboratory test to determine if the cancer cells have progesterone receptors (proteins in the cell to which progesterone is attached). If the cells have progesterone receptors, they may need this hormone to grow, which may affect how cancer is treated.

A hormone produced by the body and plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. There are breast tumors that overreact to the progesterone receptor and therefore these tumors depend on this hormone to grow.

Tumor cells containing a low amount of progesterone receptor.

Describes tumor cells in which a high amount of progesterone receptor binds to the progesterone hormone. Usually these cells will stop growing when patients with hormones block the progesterone binding to its receptor. Also called PR +.

The course of the disease, the chance of recovery or the recurrence of the disease.

The length of time during and after the treatment in which the patient lives with the disease and its condition does not worsen.

Preventive. Prophylactic treatment is a preventative treatment, a protective treatment

Prophylactic surgery do decrease the risk of developing breast cancer which one or both breasts are removed before the disease develops. According to the National Cancer Institute, NCI, prophylactic mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation may reduce the risk of developing breast(...)

Ovarianctomy to prevent ovarian cancer and breast cancer

The general enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials assess how cancer and cancer treatments impact life. These studies measure aspects of the individual's sense of well-being and his ability to perform daily life activities.

Surgery to remove all the bladder and tissues and organs nearby.

Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix and part